Ev Charger Technologies

Litheknoloji tsa ho tjhaja EV naheng ea China le United States li tšoana ka bophara.Linaheng ka bobeli, lithapo le li-plug ke theknoloji e hlahelletseng haholo ea ho tjhaja likoloi tsa motlakase.(Ho tjhaja ka waelese le ho fapanyetsana ha betri ho na le boteng bo fokolang haholo.) Ho na le phapang pakeng tsa dinaha tsena tse pedi mabapi le maemo a ho tjhaja, maemo a ho tjhaja le diprothokholo tsa dikgokahano.Ho tšoana hona le ho se tšoane ho tšohloa ka tlase.

A. Maemo a ho tjhaja

United States, ho tjhaja EV e ngata ho etsahala ho li-volts tse 120 ho sebelisoa mabota a matlo a sa fetoloang.Sena se tsejoa ka kakaretso e le Level 1 kapa "trickle" charger.Ka ho tjhaja Boemo ba 1, betri e tlwaelehileng ya 30 kWh e nka dihora tse ka bang 12 ho tloha ho 20% ho ya ho tjhaja e batlang e tlala.(Ha ho na li-volts tse 120 Chaena.)

Ka bobeli Chaena le United States, ho tjhaja EV haholo ho etsahala ho 220 volts (Chaena) kapa 240 volts (United States).United States, sena se tsejoa e le Level 2 charger.

Ho tjhaja ho joalo ho ka etsoa ka mabenkele a sa fetoloang kapa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tsa ho tjhaja tsa EV 'me hangata ho sebelisoa matla a ka bang 6–7 kW.Ha e tjhaja ka 220–240 volts, betri e tloaelehileng ea 30 kWh e nka lihora tse ka bang 6 ho tloha ho 20% ho ea ho tjhaja e batlang e tlala.

Qetellong, Chaena le United States li na le marang-rang a ntseng a hōla a li-charger tse potlakileng tsa DC, tse atisang ho sebelisa 24 kW, 50 kW, 100 kW kapa 120 kW ea matla.Liteishene tse ling li ka fana ka matla a 350 kW kapa esita le 400 kW.Li-charger tsena tse potlakileng tsa DC li ka nka betri ea koloi ho tloha ho 20% ho ea ho tjhaja e batlang e tlala ka linako tse ka bang hora ho isa ho metsotso e 10 feela.

Lethathamo la 6:Maemo a tloaelehileng a ho tjhaja US

Mohloli: Lefapha la Matla la US

B. Litekanyetso tsa ho lefisa

ke.China

China e na le tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea ho tjhaja EV ka potlako naheng ka bophara.US e na le litekanyetso tse tharo tsa ho tjhaja ka potlako tsa EV.

Tekanyetso ea China e tsejoa e le China GB/T.(Libuka tse qalangGBemela maemo a naha.)

China GB / T e ile ea lokolloa ka 2015 ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa tsa tsoelo-pele.124 Hona joale e tlamehile bakeng sa likoloi tsohle tse ncha tsa motlakase tse rekisoang Chaena.Baetsi ba likoloi ba machabeng, ho kenyeletsoa Tesla, Nissan le BMW, ba amohetse maemo a GB/T bakeng sa li-EV tsa bona tse rekisoang China.GB/T hajoale e lumella ho tjhaja ka potlako ho boholo ba 237.5 kW ea tlhahiso (ho 950 V le 250 amps), leha e le tse ngata.

Lichaja tse potlakileng tsa China DC li fana ka 50 kW.GB/T e ncha e tla lokolloa ka 2019 kapa 2020, eo ho tlalehoang hore e tla ntlafatsa maemo a ho kenyelletsa ho tjhaja ho fihla ho 900 kW bakeng sa likoloi tse kholoanyane tsa khoebo.GB/T ke maemo a China feela: li-EV tse seng kae tse entsoeng China tse romelloang kantle ho naha li sebelisa maemo a mang.125

Ka Phato 2018, Lekhotla la Motlakase la China (CEC) le phatlalalitse memorantamo oa kutloisiso le marang-rang a CHAdeMO, a thehiloeng Japane, ho nts'etsapele ho tjhaja ka potlako haholo.Sepheo ke ho lumellana pakeng tsa GB / T le CHAdeMO bakeng sa ho tjhaja ka potlako.Mekhatlo e 'meli e tla kopanela ho atolosa maemo ho ea linaheng tse fetang Chaena le Japane.126

ii.United States

United States, ho na le litekanyetso tse tharo tsa ho tjhaja EV bakeng sa ho tjhaja DC ka potlako: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo le Tesla.

CHAdeMO e bile tekanyetso ea pele ea ho tjhaja ka potlako ea EV, e qalileng ka 2011. E entsoe ke Tokyo.

Electric Power Company 'me e emetse "Charge to Move" (pun in Japanese).127 CHAdeMO hajoale e sebelisoa United States ho Nissan Leaf le Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, e leng tse ling tsa likoloi tsa motlakase tse rekisoang ka ho fetisisa.Katleho ea Lekhasi United States e ka baTŠEBELETSO EA KOLOI EA MOHLASE CHANA LE UNITED STATES

ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU |FEBRUARY 2019 |

ka lebaka la boitlamo ba pele ba Nissan ba ho qala mekhoa ea ts'ebetso e potlakileng ea CHAdeMO libakeng tsa barekisi le libakeng tse ling tsa litoropo. Europe).129

Ka 2016, CHAdeMO e phatlalalitse hore e tla ntlafatsa maemo a eona ho tloha ho tekanyo ea eona ea pele ea ho tjhaja ea 70.

kW ho fana ka 150 kW.130 Ka Phuptjane 2018 CHAdeMO e phatlalalitse ho hlahisoa ha matla a ho tjhaja a 400 kW, e sebelisa lithapo tsa 1,000 V, 400 amp amp liquid-cooled.Tefiso e phahameng e tla fumaneha ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa likoloi tse kholo tsa khoebo tse kang literaka le libese.131

Tekanyetso ea bobeli ea ho tjhaja United States e tsejoa e le CCS kapa SAE Combo.E ile ea lokolloa ka 2011 ke sehlopha sa baetsi ba likoloi ba Europe le US.Lentsoecomboe bontša hore polaka e na le ho tjhaja AC ka bobeli (ho fihla ho 43 kW) le ho tjhaja ha DC.132 In

Jeremane, mokhatlo oa Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN) o thehiloe ho buella ho amoheloa ha CCS ka bophara.Ho fapana le CHAdeMO, polaka ea CCS e nolofalletsa DC le AC ho tjhaja ka kou e le 'ngoe, ho fokotsa sebaka le menyetla e hlokahalang 'meleng oa koloi.Jaguar,

Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA le Hyundai li tšehetsa CCS.Tesla e boetse e kene mokhatlong oa kopanelo 'me ka November 2018 e phatlalalitse likoloi tsa eona Europe li tla tla li na le likou tsa ho tjhaja CCS.133 Chevrolet Bolt le BMW i3 ke tse ling tsa li-EV tse ratoang United States tse sebelisang ho tjhaja CCS.Le ha litjhaja tse potlakileng tsa CCS li fana ka tjhaja e ka bang 50 kW, lenaneo la Electrify America le kenyelletsa ho tjhaja ka potlako ea 350 kW, e ka nolofalletsang tefiso e felletseng ka metsotso e 10 feela.

Tekanyetso ea boraro ea ho tjhaja United States e sebetsoa ke Tesla, e ileng ea tsebisa marang-rang a eona a Supercharger United States ka Loetse 2012.134 Tesla.

Li-Supercharger hangata li sebetsa ho 480 volts 'me li fana ka ho tjhaja ka boholo ba 120 kW.Joalo ka

ea Pherekhong 2019, sebaka sa Marang-rang sa Tesla se thathamisitse libaka tse 595 tsa Supercharger United States, le libaka tse ling tse 420 "tse tlang haufinyane."

Phuputsong ea rona bakeng sa tlaleho ena, re ile ra botsa batho bao ho buisanoeng le bona ba US hore na ba nka khaello ea tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea naha ea ho tjhaja DC ka potlako e le tšitiso ea ho amoheloa ha EV.Ke ba fokolang ba ileng ba araba ka ho tiisa.Mabaka a hore maemo a mangata a ho tjhaja ka potlako a DC ha a nkoe e le bothata a kenyelletsa:

● Hangata ho tjhaja EV ho etsahala lapeng le mosebetsing, ka tjhaja ya Level 1 le 2.

● Boholo ba litšebeletso tsa sechaba le tsa mosebetsi tse lefisang ho fihlela joale li se li sebelisitse lichaja tsa Level 2.

● Li-adapter li teng tse lumellang beng ba EV ho sebelisa boholo ba litjhaja tse potlakileng tsa DC, le haeba EV le tjhaja li sebelisa maemo a fapaneng a ho tjhaja.(Ntho e ka sehloohong, marang-rang a supercharging ea Tesla, e bulehile feela likoloing tsa Tesla.) Ka ho hlakileng, ho na le lintho tse ling tse amehileng ka polokeho ea li-adapter tsa ho tjhaja ka potlako.

● Kaha polaka le sehokelo li emela karoloana e nyenyane ea litšenyehelo tsa seteishene se tjhajang ka potlako, sena ha se fane ka phephetso e nyenyane ea botekgeniki kapa ea lichelete ho beng ba liteishene 'me se ka bapisoa le liphaepe tsa peterole ea octane e fapaneng seteisheneng sa mafura.Liteishene tse ngata tsa ho tjhaja sechaba li na le li-plug tse ngata tse khomaretsoeng posong e le 'ngoe ea ho tjhaja, e lumellang mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa EV ho tjhaja moo.Ha e le hantle, linaha tse ngata li hloka kapa li khothalletsa sena.TŠEBELETSO EA KOLOI EA MOHLASE CHANA LE UNITED STATES

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Baetsi ba bang ba likoloi ba boletse hore marang-rang a khethehileng a ho tjhaja a emela leano la tlholisano.Claas Bracklo, hlooho ea electromobility ho BMW le molula-setulo oa CharIN, o boletse ka selemo sa 2018, "Re thehile CharIN ho haha ​​​​boemo ba matla." boikemisetso ba ho lumella mefuta e meng ea likoloi ho sebelisa marang-rang a eona ha feela ba kenya letsoho licheleteng tse lekanang le tšebeliso.138 Tesla hape ke karolo ea CharIN e khothalletsang CCS.Ka Pulungoana 2018, e phatlalalitse hore likoloi tsa Model 3 tse rekisoang Europe li tla tla li na le likou tsa CCS.Beng ba Tesla le bona ba ka reka li-adapter ho fihlella lichaja tse potlakileng tsa CHAdeMO.139

C. Liprothokholi tsa Lipuisano tsa ho tjhaja Ho tjhaja liprothokholo tsa likhokahano hoa hlokahala ho ntlafatsa ho tjhaja litlhoko tsa mosebelisi (ho bona boemo ba tefiso, matla a betri le polokeho) le bakeng sa marang-rang (ho kenyeletsoa.

matla a marang-rang a kabo, theko ea nako ea tšebeliso le mehato ea ho arabela litlhoko).140 Chaena GB / T le CHAdeMO li sebelisa mokhoa oa puisano o tsejoang e le CAN, ha CCS e sebetsa le protocol ea PLC.Melao ea puisano e bulehileng, e kang Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) e entsoeng ke Open Charging Alliance, e ntse e tsebahala haholo United States le Europe.

Patlisisong ea rona bakeng sa tlaleho ena, batho ba 'maloa bao ho buisanoeng le bona ba US ba qotsitse mohato oa ho ea ho liprothokholo tsa puisano tse bulehileng le software e le tsona tse tlang pele leanong.Haholo-holo, merero e meng ea ho lefisa sechaba e fumaneng chelete tlas'a American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) e ile ea boleloa e khethile barekisi ba nang le li-platform tsa thepa tse ileng tsa ba le mathata a lichelete ka mor'a moo, tsa siea lisebelisoa tse robehileng tse hlokang ho nkeloa sebaka.141 Metse e mengata, lits'ebeletso le ho lefisa marang-rang ao batho ba ikopantseng le bona bakeng sa phuputso ena ba bontšitse tšehetso bakeng sa liprothokholo tsa puisano tse bulehileng le likhothaletso ho thusa ho tjhaja mabotho a marang-rang hore a fetole bafani.142

D. Litšenyehelo

Lijaja tsa lapeng li theko e tlase China ho feta United States.Chaena, tjhaja ea lapeng e nang le 7 kW e tloaelehileng e rekisoa inthaneteng pakeng tsa RMB 1,200 le RMB 1,800.143 Ho kenya ho hloka litšenyehelo tse ling.(Litheko tse ngata tsa poraefete tsa EV li tla le tjhaja le ho kenyeletsoa.) United States, tjhaja ea lapeng ea Level 2 e bitsa $450-$600, hammoho le karolelano ea hoo e ka bang $500 bakeng sa ho kenya.144 DC lisebelisoa tsa ho tjhaja kapele li theko e boima haholo linaha ka bobeli.Litšenyehelo li fapana haholo.Setsebi se seng sa Lechaena se ileng sa botsoa lipotso mabapi le tlaleho ena se hakantse hore ho kenya poso ea ho tjhaja ka potlako ea 50 kW DC naheng ea China hangata ho bitsa chelete e pakeng tsa RMB 45,000 le RMB 60,000, 'me poso ea tefiso ka boeona e ikarabella bakeng sa RMB 25,000 - RMB 35,000 le cabling, meaho ea ka tlas'a lefatše le accounting ea basebetsi. bakeng sa ho setseng.145 United States, DC ho tjhaja kapele ho ka bitsa liranta tse likete tse mashome poso ka 'ngoe.Liphetoho tse kholo tse amang litšenyehelo tsa ho kenya lisebelisoa tsa ho tjhaja ka potlako tsa DC li kenyelletsa tlhoko ea trenching, ntlafatso ea transfoma, lipotoloho tse ncha kapa tse ntlafalitsoeng le liphanele tsa motlakase le ntlafatso ea botle.Matshwao, tumello le phihlello bakeng sa batho ba holofetseng ke dintlha tse ding tse lokelang ho nahanoa.146

E. Ho tjhaja Mohala

Ho tjhaja ntle le waelese ho fana ka melemo e mengata, ho kenyeletswa aesthetics, ho boloka nako le boiketlo ba tshebediso.

E ne e fumaneha lilemong tsa bo-1990 bakeng sa EV1 (koloi ea pele ea motlakase) empa e sa tloaeleha kajeno.147 Wireless EV lisebelisoa tsa ho tjhaja tse fanoang ka marang-rang ho tloha ho $ 1,260 ho ea ho $ 3,000.148 Wireless EV tjhaja e na le kotlo e sebetsang hantle, ka mekhoa ea hona joale e fanang ka katleho ea ho tjhaja. hoo e ka bang 85%.149 Lihlahisoa tsa hona joale tsa ho tjhaja waelese li fana ka phetiso ea matla a 3–22 kW;li-wireless charger tse fumanehang bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea EV e tsoang ho plugless charge e ka bang 3.6 kW kapa 7.2 kW, e lekanang le ho tjhaja ha Level 2.150 Le hoja basebelisi ba bangata ba EV ba nka hore ho tjhaja waelese ha ho na boleng ba litšenyehelo tse ling,151 bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba bone esale pele hore theknoloji e tla ata haufinyane. mme baetsi ba likoloi ba 'maloa ba phatlalalitse hore ba tla fana ka ho tjhaja waelese e le khetho ho li-EV tsa nako e tlang.Ho tjhaja ka waelese ho ka kgahleha bakeng sa dikoloi tse itseng tse nang le ditsela tse hlalositsweng, tse kang dibese tsa setjhaba, mme hape ho ntshitswe bakeng sa mebila e meholo ya motlakase ya kamoso, le hoja ditjeho tse phahameng, tshebetso e tlase ya ho tjhaja le lebelo la ho tjhaja butle e ka ba mathata.152

F. Ho Fetola Betri

Ka theknoloji ea ho fapanyetsana ha betri, likoloi tsa motlakase li ka fapanyetsana libeteri tsa tsona tse senyehileng bakeng sa tse ling tse tjhakiloeng ka botlalo.Sena se ka khutsufatsa haholo nako e hlokahalang ho tjhaja EV hape, ka melemo e ka bang teng bakeng sa bakhanni.

Litoropo le lik'hamphani tse 'maloa tsa China hajoale li ntse li etsa liteko tsa ho fapanyetsana ha betri, li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho li-EV tsa likepe tse sebelisoang haholo, joalo ka litekesi.Toropo ea Hangzhou e sebelisitse ho fapanyetsana ha libeteri bakeng sa likepe tsa eona tsa tekesi, tse sebelisang Zotye EVs.155 Beijing tse entsoeng sebakeng sa heno e hahile liteishene tse ngata tsa ho fapanyetsana libeteri ka boiteko bo tšehetsoeng ke moetsi oa likoloi oa lehae BAIC.Qetellong ea 2017, BAIC e phatlalalitse leano la ho aha liteishene tse 3,000 naheng ka bophara ka 2021.156 China EV e qalang NIO e rera ho sebelisa theknoloji ea ho fapanyetsana betri bakeng sa likoloi tse ling tsa eona mme e phatlalalitse hore e tla aha liteishene tse 1,100 tsa ho fapanyetsana Chaena.157 Metse e mengata ea Chaena— ho kenyeletsoa Hangzhou le Qingdao—le tsona li sebelisitse phapanyetsano ea libeteri bakeng sa libese.158

United States, puisano ea ho fetola betri e ile ea fela ka mor'a ho putlama ha 2013 ha ho qalisoa ha betri ea Iseraele Project Better Place, e neng e rerile marang-rang a liteishene tsa likoloi tsa baeti. setsi sa lipontšo, ho qosa khaello ea thahasello ea bareki.Ho na le liteko tse 'maloa tse ntseng li tsoela pele mabapi le ho fapanyetsana ha betri United States kajeno.154 Ho theoha ha litšenyehelo tsa betri, mohlomong le ho isa bohōleng bo fokolang ba ho romelloa ha mekhoa ea mekhoa ea ho tjhaja ka potlako ea DC, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho fokolitse ho hoheloa ha betri ka har'a United States.

Le ha ho feto-fetoha ha betri ho fana ka melemo e mengata, ho boetse ho na le mathata a bohlokoa.Betri ea EV e boima 'me hangata e fumaneha botlaaseng ba koloi, e etsa karolo ea bohlokoa e nang le mamello e nyane ea boenjiniere bakeng sa ho tsamaisana le likhokahano tsa motlakase.Hangata libeteri tsa kajeno li hloka ho pholile, 'me ho kopanya le ho khaola mekhoa ea ho pholisa ho thata.159 Ka lebaka la boholo ba tsona le boima ba tsona, lisebelisoa tsa betri li tlameha ho lumellana ka ho phethahetseng ho qoba ho thothomela, ho fokotsa ho senyeha le ho boloka koloi e le bohareng.Meetso ea betri ea skateboard e atileng ho li-EV tsa kajeno e ntlafatsa polokeho ka ho theola bohare ba koloi le ho ntlafatsa ts'ireletso ea kotsi ka pele le ka morao.Libetri tse ntšitsoeng tse ka kutung kapa libakeng tse ling li ne li tla hloka monyetla ona.Kaha beng ba likoloi ba bangata ba lefisa haholo-holo lapeng kapaTŠEBELETSO EA KOLOI EA MOHLASE CHANA LE UNITED STATESmosebetsing, ho fapanyetsana ha betri ho ne ho ke ke ha rarolla mathata a ts'ebetso ea ho tjhaja—ho ne ho tla thusa feela ho rarolla tefiso ea sechaba.'Me hobane baetsi ba likoloi ba bangata ha ba ikemisetse ho tiisa lipakete tsa betri kapa meralo-likoloi li entsoe ho pota-pota libeteri tsa tsona le li-motor, e leng se etsang hore sena e be ntho ea bohlokoa ea bohlokoa ea bohlokoa160-ho fapanyetsana ha betri ho ka hloka marang-rang a fapaneng a seteishene sa koloi bakeng sa k'hamphani e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea koloi kapa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa ho fapanyetsana bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng. boholo ba makoloi.Leha ho hlahisitsoe literaka tse tsamaisang libeteri tse tsamaeang,161 mofuta ona oa khoebo o ntse o tlameha ho kengoa tšebetsong.